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Stroke





NHS Choices Syndication


 /conditions/articles/stroke/stephensstory page

Stroke

'Everyday was a new challenge'

Having a stroke on the first day of his summer holiday was the last thing Stephen Harnet expected, especially as he was a healthy 32-year-old at the time.

“I’d taken my wife and baby boy for a week in Spain. We’d been there less than 12 hours when I collapsed on the street. I was rushed to a hospital in Barcelona and I lay there in a coma for 72 hours.

“It turned out that the stroke was due to a condition I was born with called AVM (arteriovenous malformation), which is a tangle of abnormal blood vessels (arteries and veins), and can affect the brain and lead to a stroke.

“Hospital staff didn’t think I was going to make it during those critical hours. They kept saying to my wife, ‘No good, no good.’ I don’t know how she kept it together.

“Luckily, I did pull through. I had a life-saving operation on my brain and was then air-ambulanced home to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, where I spent the next three months.

“I don’t remember much about that time, but I do recall a lot of people saying I might not walk or talk again. But those words of doubt spurred me on; I was determined to lead a normal life.

“Every day I faced a new challenge, but as the weeks went by I accomplished so much. The more I succeeded the more I wanted to do. I even shocked medical staff by becoming a dad again, which they had said I wouldn’t be able to do.

“Before the stroke I was a technical manager working 12-hour days, seven days a week. I knew I wouldn’t be able to do that again. I took a computer course and applied for administrative jobs. Now I have a paid part-time job as a medical records assistant at my rehabilitation centre.

“I also do voluntary work with other stroke victims. When I was really poorly it gave me so much hope when I met people who’d had the same experience but had turned their lives around. I wanted to do the same for others. I truly believe that positivity is the best medicine – there’s only so much that medicine can do.

“I’ve been through a hard time, but I really believe that, in some ways, my stroke made me a better person. I now know what’s important in life and try to enjoy every minute.”

Published Date
2012-12-20 11:19:08Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Stroke,Summer






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

'I was just 26 and had my whole life ahead of me'

Manjit Bains was just 26 when he had a stroke. Determination, support from his family and friends and rehabilitation helped him get his life back 

“‘I’ve had a stroke’. This may be quite a common thing to hear. But not for me. I was just 26 and had my whole life ahead of me. I also worked as a senior staff nurse in a hospital and remember asking the rehabilitation nurse where my emboli, thrombosis or even my haemorrhage was!

“I had heart problems from birth and developed complications as I got older, which led to my stroke. Apparently, I had had a respiratory arrest and ended up in intensive care. But I guess luck was on my side, even though my life changed as a result. I had to battle to overcome a speech problem and gain control of my right hand, but thankfully the rest of me was in working order.

“Depression soon followed. I couldn’t believe that I had suffered a stroke at such a young age, and I suppose I went through a kind of grieving process of anger, bitterness and finally acceptance. Although I was improving every week (my speech was getting clearer and my hand much stronger) I discovered that patience was not one of my strongest points. I was determined to go back to my nursing career and I had to learn to write left-handed.

“With a lot of support from my family and my rehabilitation and occupational health team, I had an assessment at work and was given a staff nurse post on a medical ward. As the years have gone by I’ve become more confident and my speech and manual dexterity have improved. I’ve also nursed elderly and physically disabled clients.

“This hasn’t been a solo journey. I’ve had a lot of support, including psychologists and counselling. 

“After intensive care I was nursed on a medical ward at the hospital where I had been working. I remember asking my consultant how long it would take for me to get better. I had no idea I had been at death’s door.

“I was walking a lot, and my speech therapist assessed my swallowing ability and said I could have soft food. My hand was slowly improving but still weak, and I couldn’t comb my hair or tie it up – thankfully hair bands had come into fashion! My colleague from work tied my shoelaces for me, but I was determined to get back to normal.

“I was finally discharged from hospital and referred to a rehabilitation team. For one week I was assessed on my ability to cope with daily activities. At home I started to practise manual dexterity skills, from opening cans to striking matches. My speech was improving, my slur had completely gone, and all the while I had fantastic support from my extended family.

“Eventually, I began attending the rehabilitation centre on an outpatient basis. And every day I get stronger and stronger.”

Published Date
2012-12-20 11:19:12Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Rehabilitation,Stroke






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

'I'm sure the doctors thought I wouldn't get better, let alone run a marathon'

David Diston, 61, runs a Salvation Army hostel in Swindon. He had a major stroke that left him paralysed down his right side and unable to speak. Now he has made a near total recovery, and has even run a marathon

When David crossed the finishing line of the London Marathon, after a gruelling eight hours, 23 minutes and 15 seconds, he was entitled to feel proud. It was just two-and-a-half years since he had suffered a major stroke.

“I’m sure the doctors thought I wouldn’t get better, let alone run a marathon,” says David.

David was overweight, had high blood pressure and had begun to have symptoms of stroke, such as episodes of blurred vision, as long as 10 years earlier. His daughter, cousin, father and aunt have all had strokes, yet he was never diagnosed as being at high risk. Indeed, he was feeling well when he suddenly dropped to the floor in what must have looked like a dead faint.

He woke up in an assessment ward at Swindon’s Princess Margaret Hospital. He had no feeling or movement down his right side, and he couldn’t speak.

“I wanted to ask for a coffee and I could read the word on the hospital menu, but I couldn’t say it. I couldn’t walk, I couldn’t go to the loo on my own, or even do up my trousers. Worst of all, I couldn’t tell anyone how embarrassed I felt.

“After a few days, I was moved to a specialist stroke unit where the doctors explained that I would have to learn to speak, write and walk again from scratch. The lessons began quickly, and I was soon having daily physiotherapy to strengthen my right arm and leg. I also had speech therapy a few times a week.”

After four weeks, David was allowed home. “I had to make a cup of tea, walk up four stairs and do some clearing up, otherwise they wouldn’t have let me leave.

“Although I still couldn’t write more than two or three letters of the alphabet, I could read, and this helped me re-learn how to write letters and numbers. A speech therapist and physiotherapist came to the house two or three times a week for three months. After that, I continued to go to the hospital for physio and speech therapy.

“The doctors explained that my family history of strokes and being so overweight meant I had to change my diet and start exercising. I was 127kg (20st) and only 1.73m (5ft 8in). I follow a low-fat diet and eat far more fruit and veg and have lost five stone. I run up to 10 miles several times a week. I also go to the gym and use weight machines to carry on strengthening my right arm and leg.

“Now, no one knows I’ve had a stroke, unless I choose to tell them.”

Published Date
2012-12-20 11:19:10Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Stroke






NHS Choices Syndication







NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

'We call ourselves stroke survivors, not patients – that's very important'

Jim Whyte was forced to give up work after having a stroke, but he’s proved that there is life after stroke.

Jim was getting out of a van when he suddenly felt his left leg turn to jelly. “I fell down, and my workmates got me a chair,” he says. “They brought me a cup of tea, but I couldn’t work out where the handle was to grasp it. Somehow I knew I’d had a stroke and asked them to take me to hospital.

“By the time I got there, I didn’t have any feeling in the left side of me. I felt like a lump of meat. I could hardly get out of the car.”

Doctors confirmed that Jim was right; he’d had a stroke. He spent the next 27 weeks in hospital undergoing rehabilitation and physiotherapy. “Luckily, my speech was still all right, though I’m sure my kids and grandchildren sometimes wish I’d be quiet!” he says. “During my time in hospital I regained around 85% use of my hand and arm. I’m actually very lucky.”

Jim had high blood pressure and was diabetic, which are both risk factors for stroke. However, he had never smoked and, due to his diabetes, was already following the healthy diet recommended for stroke survivors.

“My wife was a chef and she made sure we ate properly,” he says. He was put on tablets for high blood pressure and now has regular checks. “When I had the stroke, I had no idea I had high blood pressure,” he says.

Jim had his stroke 10 years ago. Although it forced him to give up work, he makes a point of leading an active, healthy lifestyle. He attends his local stroke survivors club every week, which includes exercise sessions, talks from experts and a blood-pressure check.

“It’s also a great place to share advice and make friends,” says Jim. “It’s good to talk about any problems you’re having with people who have been through the same thing. I’d recommend any stroke survivors to contact the Stroke Association to get information on their nearest club.” He also visits stroke survivors in hospital.

Jim believes there is life after stroke. “We call ourselves stroke survivors, not patients; that’s very important. When you’ve had a stroke, the most important thing to do is accept it. Unless you do that, it’s difficult to move forward. But once you do, you’ll realise that you can live a very happy, active life. I certainly do!”

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Published Date
2013-01-09 00:48:45Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Hypertension,Stroke






NHS Choices Syndication


 /conditions/articles/stroke/whosatriskpage

Stroke

Causes of stroke

Stroke is a largely preventable condition. Many risks can be reduced by making lifestyle changes.

However, some things that increase the risk of stroke cannot be changed, including:

  • age – you are more likely to have a stroke if you are over 65 years old, although about a quarter of strokes happen in younger people
  • family history – if a close relative (parent, grandparent, brother or sister) has had a stroke, your risk is likely to be higher
  • ethnicity – if you are south Asian, African or Caribbean, your risk of stroke is higher, partly because rates of diabetes and high blood pressure are higher in these groups
  • your medical history – if you have previously had a stroke, TIA or heart attack, your risk of stroke is higher

Ischaemic strokes

Ischaemic strokes, the most common type of stroke, occur when blood clots block the flow of blood to the brain. Blood clots typically form in areas where the arteries have been narrowed or blocked by fatty cholesterol-containing deposits known as plaques. This narrowing of the arteries is caused by atherosclerosis.

As we get older our arteries become narrower, but certain things can dangerously accelerate the process. These risks include:

Diabetes is also a risk factor, particularly if poorly controlled, as the excess glucose in the blood can damage the arteries.

Another possible cause of ischaemic stroke is an irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation), which can cause blood clots that become lodged in the brain. Atrial fibrillation can be caused by:

  • high blood pressure 
  • coronary artery disease 
  • mitral valve disease (disease of the heart valve) 
  • cardiomyopathy (wasting of the heart muscle) 
  • pericarditis (inflammation of the bag surrounding the heart) 
  • hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid gland)
  • excessive alcohol intake 
  • drinking lots of caffeine; for example, tea, coffee and energy drinks

Haemorrhagic strokes

Haemorrhagic strokes (also known as cerebral haemorrhages or intracranial haemorrhages) usually occur when a blood vessel in the brain bursts and bleeds into the brain (intracerebral haemorrhage). In about 5% of cases, the bleeding occurs on the surface of the brain (subarachnoid haemorrhage).

The main cause of haemorrhagic stroke is high blood pressure (hypertension), which can weaken the arteries in the brain and make them prone to split or rupture.

Things that increase the risk of high blood pressure include:

  • being overweight or obese
  • drinking excessive amounts of alcohol 
  • smoking
  • a lack of exercise 
  • stress, which may cause a temporary rise in blood pressure

Another important risk of haemorrhagic stroke is treatment with medicines given to prevent blood clots, such as warfarin.

Haemorrhagic stroke can also occur from the rupture of a balloon-like expansion of a blood vessel (aneurysm) and badly-formed blood vessels in the brain.

A traumatic head injury can also cause bleeding into the brain. In most cases, the cause is obvious, but bleeding into the lining of the brain (subdural haematoma) can occur without any obvious signs of trauma, especially in the elderly. The symptoms and signs can then mimic a stroke.

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Published Date
2013-05-28 12:44:19Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Atrial fibrillation,Black people,Caffeine drinks,Head injuries,Hypertension,Stroke






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

Complications of stroke

There are complications that can arise as a result of a stroke, many of which are potentially life threatening.

Dysphagia

The damage caused by a stroke can interrupt your normal swallowing reflex, making it possible for small particles of food to enter your respiratory tract (windpipe).

Problems with swallowing are known as dysphagia. Dysphagia can lead to damage to your lungs, which can trigger a lung infection (pneumonia).

To prevent any complications from dysphagia, you may be fed using a feeding tube. The tube is usually put into your nose and then passed into your stomach, but it may be directly connected to your stomach during surgery.

How long you will need a feeding tube can vary from a few weeks to a few months, but it is rare to have to use a tube for more than six months.

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a condition that occurs when there is too much cerebrospinal fluid in the cavities (ventricles) of the brain. About 10% of people who experience a haemorrhagic stroke will develop hydrocephalus.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is produced in the brain to protect it and the spinal cord and carry away waste from brain cells. CSF flows continuously through the ventricles and over the surface of the brain and spinal cord. Any excess CSF usually drains away from the brain and is absorbed by the body.

Damage caused by a haemorrhagic stroke can stop the CSF from draining, and an excess of fluid can build up. Symptoms include:

  • headaches 
  • sickness and vomiting 
  • loss of balance

However, the condition can be treated by placing a tube into the brain to allow the fluid to drain properly.

Deep vein thrombosis

Around 5% of people who have had a stroke will experience a further blood clot in their leg, known as deep vein thrombosis (DVT).

This normally occurs in people who have lost some or all of the movement in their leg, as immobility will slow the blood flow in their veins, increasing blood pressure and the chances of a blood clot.

Symptoms of DVT include:

  • swelling 
  • pain
  • warm skin 
  • tenderness 
  • redness, particularly at the back of the leg, below the knee

If you have DVT, prompt treatment is required because there is a chance the clot may move into your lungs, which is known as a pulmonary embolism and can be fatal.

DVT can be treated using anti-clotting medicines. If it is felt that you are at risk of DVT, your stroke team may recommend you wear a compression stocking. This is a specially designed stocking that can reduce the blood pressure in your legs.

Published Date
2012-12-20 11:19:20Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Brain,Deep vein thrombosis,Hydrocephalus,Stroke






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

Diagnosing stroke

Strokes are usually diagnosed by studying images of the brain (brain imaging) and carrying out physical tests.

Your doctor may check for the causes of your stroke by taking blood tests to determine your cholesterol and blood sugar levels, checking your pulse for an irregular heartbeat and taking a blood pressure measurement.

Even if the physical symptoms of a stroke are obvious, brain imaging should also be carried out to determine:

  • if the stroke has been caused by a blocked artery or burst blood vessel
  • which part of the brain has been affected
  • how severe the stroke is
  • the risk of a transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

Different treatment is required for each type of stroke so a rapid diagnosis will make treatment more straightforward.

CT and MRI scans

Two common methods used for brain imaging are a computer tomography (CT) scan and a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan.

A CT scan is like an X-ray, but uses multiple images to build up a more detailed, three-dimensional (3D) picture of your brain. An MRI scan uses a strong magnetic field and radio waves to produce a detailed picture of the inside of your body.

The type of scan you may have in hospital depends on your symptoms. If it is suspected you had a major stroke, a CT scan is sufficient to identify whether the stroke is due to bleeding or clotting. It’s quicker than an MRI scan and improves the chances of rapidly delivering treatments such as clot-busting drugs (thrombolysis) that might be used in appropriate cases, but are time-limited and require the results of the scan before the treatment can be given safely.

For people with more complex symptoms, where the extent or location of the damage is unknown, and in patients who have recovered from a transient ischaemic attack, an MRI scan is more appropriate. This will provide greater detail of brain tissue, allowing smaller, or more unusually located strokes to be identified.

All patients with suspected stroke should receive a brain scan within 24 hours. Some patients should be scanned within the hour, especially those who:

  • might benefit from clot-busting drugs (thrombolysis) such as alteplase or early anticoagulant treatment
  • are already on anticoagulant treatments
  • have a lower level of consciousness

After the injection of a dye into an arm vein, both CT and MRI can be used to take pictures of the blood vessels in the brain, as well as the blood vessels in the neck that take blood to the brain from the heart. This is known as CT or MR angiography and is often done immediately after taking pictures of the brain itself.

Read more information at The Royal College of Radiologists.

Swallow tests

A swallow test is essential for anybody who has had a stroke.

Swallowing problems affect over a third of people after a stroke. When a person cannot swallow properly, there is a risk that food and drink may get into the windpipe and then into the lungs (called aspiration), which can lead to chest infections and pneumonia.

The test is simple. The person is given a few teaspoons of water to drink. If they can swallow this without choking and coughing they will be asked to swallow half a glass of water.

If they have any difficulty swallowing, they will be referred to the speech and language therapist for a more detailed assessment. They will usually be kept ‘nil by mouth’ until they have seen the therapist and may therefore need to have fluids or food given directly into an arm vein (intravenous drip) or through the nose using a nasogastric tube.

Heart and blood vessel tests 

Further tests on the heart and blood vessels might be carried out later to confirm what caused the stroke. These may include:

Ultrasound (carotid ultrasonography)

An ultrasound scan uses high frequency sound waves to produce an image of the inside of your body. Your doctor may use a wand-like probe (transducer) to send high-frequency sound waves into your neck. These pass through the tissue creating images on a screen that will show if there is any narrowing or clotting in the arteries leading to your brain.

This type of ultrasound scan is sometimes known as a doppler scan or a duplex scan. Where carotid ultrasonography is needed, it should happen within 48 hours.

Catheter angiography (arteriography)

Dye is injected into your carotid or vertebral artery via a tube called a catheter. This gives a more detailed view of your arteries than can be obtained using ultrasound, CT angiography or MR angiography.

Echocardiogram

In some cases an echocardiogram may be used to produce images of your heart using an ultrasound probe placed on your chest (transthoracic echocardiogram). In addition, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) may also be used. This involves an ultrasonic probe which is passed down the foodpipe (oesophagus), usually under sedation. Because it’s directly behind the heart, it produces a clear image of blood clots and other abnormalities that may not get picked up by the transthoracic echocardiogram.

Read more about hospital tests at The Stroke Association.

Published Date
2014-07-15 14:34:02Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
CT scan,MRI scan,Stroke,Transient ischaemic attack






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

Introduction

A stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off.

Strokes are a medical emergency and prompt treatment is essential because the sooner a person receives treatment for a stroke, the less damage is likely to happen.

If you suspect that you or someone else is having a stroke, phone 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance.

The main symptoms of stroke can be remembered with the word FAST: Face-Arms-Speech-Time.

  • Face – the face may have dropped on one side, the person may not be able to smile or their mouth or eye may have dropped
  • Arms  the person with suspected stroke may not be able to lift one or both arms and keep them there because of arm weakness or numbness
  • Speech – their speech may be slurred or garbled, or the person may not be able to talk at all despite appearing to be awake
  • Time – it is time to dial 999 immediately if you see any of these signs or symptoms

Read more about the symptoms of stroke.

Why do strokes happen?

Like all organs, the brain needs the oxygen and nutrients provided by blood to function properly. If the supply of blood is restricted or stopped, brain cells begin to die. This can lead to brain damage and possibly death.

Types of stroke

There are two main causes of strokes:

  • ischaemic (accounting for over 80% of all cases)  the blood supply is stopped due to a blood clot 
  • haemorrhagic  a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts and causes brain damage

There is also a related condition known as a transient ischaemic attack (TIA), where the supply of blood to the brain is temporarily interrupted, causing a ‘mini-stroke’. TIAs should be treated seriously as they are often a warning sign that a stroke is coming.

Who is at risk from stroke?

In England, strokes are a major health problem. Every year over 150,000 people have a stroke and it is the third largest cause of death, after heart disease and cancer. The brain damage caused by strokes means that they are the largest cause of adult disability in the UK.

People over 65 years of age are most at risk from having strokes, although 25% of strokes occur in people who are under 65. It is also possible for children to have strokes.

If you are south Asian, African or Caribbean, your risk of stroke is higher. This is partly because of a predisposition (a natural tendency) to developing diabetes and heart disease, which are two conditions that can cause strokes.

Smoking, being overweight, lack of exercise and a poor diet are also risk factors for stroke. Also, conditions that affect the circulation of the blood, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat) and diabetes, increase your risk of having a stroke.

Read more about the causes of stroke.

Treating a stroke

Treatment depends on the type of stroke you have, including which part of the brain was affected and what caused it.

Most often, strokes are treated with medicines. This generally includes drugs to prevent and remove blood clots, reduce blood pressure and reduce cholesterol levels.

In some cases, surgery may be required. This is to clear fatty deposits in your arteries or to repair the damage caused by a haemorrhagic stroke.

Read more about treating stroke.

Life after a stroke

The damage caused by a stroke can be widespread and long-lasting. Some people need to have a long period of rehabilitation before they can recover their former independence, while many will never fully recover.

The process of rehabilitation will be specific to you, and will depend on your symptoms and how severe they are. A team of specialists are available to help, including physiotherapists, psychologists, occupational therapists, speech therapists and specialist nurses and doctors.

The damage that a stroke causes to your brain can impact on many aspects of your life and wellbeing, and depending on your individual circumstances, you may require a number of different treatment and rehabilitation methods.

Read more about recovering from a stroke.

Can strokes be prevented?

Strokes can usually be prevented through a healthy lifestyle. Eating a healthy diet, taking regular exercise, drinking alcohol in moderation and not smoking will dramatically reduce your risk of having a stroke. Lowering high blood pressure and cholesterol levels with medication also lowers the risk of stroke substantially.

Read more about preventing stroke.

Published Date
2014-07-25 10:11:10Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Stroke






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

Preventing stroke

The best way to prevent a stroke is to eat a healthy diet, exercise regularly and avoid smoking and excessive consumption of alcohol.

Diet

A poor diet is a major risk factor for a stroke. High-fat foods can lead to the build-up of fatty plaques in your arteries and being overweight can lead to high blood pressure.

A low-fat, high-fibre diet is recommended, including plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables (five portions a day) and whole grains. You should limit the amount of salt you eat to no more than 6g (0.2oz) a day because too much salt will increase your blood pressure. Six grams of salt is about one teaspoonful.

There are two types of fat  saturated and unsaturated. You should avoid food containing saturated fats because these will increase your cholesterol levels.

Foods high in saturated fat include:

  • meat pies 
  • sausages and fatty cuts of meat 
  • butter 
  • ghee  a type of butter often used in Indian cooking 
  • lard 
  • cream 
  • hard cheese 
  • cakes and biscuits 
  • foods that contain coconut or palm oil.

However, a balanced diet should include a small amount of unsaturated fat, which will help reduce your cholesterol levels.

Foods high in unsaturated fat include:

  • oily fish 
  • avocados 
  • nuts and seeds 
  • sunflower, rapeseed, olive and vegetable oils

Read more about healthy eating and losing weight.

Exercise

Combining a healthy diet with regular exercise is the best way to maintain a healthy weight. Having a healthy weight reduces your chances of developing high blood pressure.

Regular exercise will make your heart and blood circulatory system more efficient. It will also lower your cholesterol level and keep your blood pressure at a healthy level.

The recommended level of cholesterol is 5mmol/litre (5 millimoles per litre of blood).

Blood pressure is measured using two figures. One figure represents the pressure of the heart as it contracts to pump blood around the body. This is known as the systolic pressure. The second figure represents the pressure of the heart as it rests, expands and fills with blood, while waiting for the next contraction. This is known as the diastolic pressure.

For most people, an ideal blood pressure is a systolic pressure of 90-120 millimeters of mercury (mmHg) and a diastolic pressure of 60-80mmHg. Or, as blood pressure is normally expressed, a level between 90/60mmHg or 120/80mmHg.

For most people, at least 150 minutes (2 hours and 30 minutes) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity, such as cycling or fast walking, every week is recommended.

If you are recovering from a stroke, you should discuss possible exercise plans with the members of your rehabilitation team. Regular exercise may be impossible in the first weeks or months following a stroke but you should be able to begin exercising once your rehabilitation has progressed.

Read more about health and fitness.

Smoking

Smoking doubles your risk of having a stroke. This is because it narrows your arteries and makes your blood more likely to clot.

If you stop smoking, you can reduce your risk of having a stroke by up to half. Not smoking will also improve your general health and reduce your risk of developing other serious conditions, such as lung cancer and heart disease.

The NHS Smoking Helpline can offer advice and encouragement to help you quit smoking. You can call on 0300 123 1044, or visit NHS Smokefree.

Read more about stopping smoking.

Alcohol

Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to high blood pressure and an irregular heartbeat (atrial fibrillation). Both are major risk factors for stroke.

Because alcoholic drinks are rich in energy (high in calories) they also cause weight gain. Heavy drinking multiplies the risk of stroke by more than three times.

Read more about alcohol.

Published Date
2013-11-25 15:40:03Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Fats and fatty acids,Getting active,Healthy eating,Hypertension,Stopping smoking,Stroke,Weight management




Stroke – NHS Choices

































































Stroke 

Introduction 

Stroke: an animation


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This animation explains how a stroke happens, the different types of stroke and how lifestyle changes may help to reduce the risks.

Media last reviewed: 14/11/2013

Next review due: 14/11/2015

A stroke is a medical emergency

If you think you are having a stroke, dial 999 immediately. Limiting the damage from a stroke is important to your chances of recovery.

Flu and the flu vaccine

Your guide to flu symptoms and the flu vaccine, including who should be vaccinated this winter

A stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is cut off.

Strokes are a medical emergency and prompt treatment is essential because the sooner a person receives treatment for a stroke, the less damage is likely to happen.

If you suspect that you or someone else is having a stroke, phone 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance.

The main symptoms of stroke can be remembered with the word FAST: Face-Arms-Speech-Time.

  • Face – the face may have dropped on one side, the person may not be able to smile or their mouth or eye may have dropped
  • Arms  the person with suspected stroke may not be able to lift one or both arms and keep them there because of arm weakness or numbness
  • Speech – their speech may be slurred or garbled, or the person may not be able to talk at all despite appearing to be awake
  • Time – it is time to dial 999 immediately if you see any of these signs or symptoms

Read more about the symptoms of stroke.

Why do strokes happen?

Like all organs, the brain needs the oxygen and nutrients provided by blood to function properly. If the supply of blood is restricted or stopped, brain cells begin to die. This can lead to brain damage and possibly death.

Types of stroke

There are two main causes of strokes:

  • ischaemic (accounting for over 80% of all cases)  the blood supply is stopped due to a blood clot 
  • haemorrhagic  a weakened blood vessel supplying the brain bursts and causes brain damage

There is also a related condition known as a transient ischaemic attack (TIA), where the supply of blood to the brain is temporarily interrupted, causing a ‘mini-stroke’. TIAs should be treated seriously as they are often a warning sign that a stroke is coming.

Who is at risk from stroke?

In England, strokes are a major health problem. Every year over 150,000 people have a stroke and it is the third largest cause of death, after heart disease and cancer. The brain damage caused by strokes means that they are the largest cause of adult disability in the UK.

People over 65 years of age are most at risk from having strokes, although 25% of strokes occur in people who are under 65. It is also possible for children to have strokes.

If you are south Asian, African or Caribbean, your risk of stroke is higher. This is partly because of a predisposition (a natural tendency) to developing diabetes and heart disease, which are two conditions that can cause strokes.

Smoking, being overweight, lack of exercise and a poor diet are also risk factors for stroke. Also, conditions that affect the circulation of the blood, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat) and diabetes, increase your risk of having a stroke.

Read more about the causes of stroke.

Treating a stroke

Treatment depends on the type of stroke you have, including which part of the brain was affected and what caused it.

Most often, strokes are treated with medicines. This generally includes drugs to prevent and remove blood clots, reduce blood pressure and reduce cholesterol levels.

In some cases, surgery may be required. This is to clear fatty deposits in your arteries or to repair the damage caused by a haemorrhagic stroke.

Read more about treating stroke.

Life after a stroke

The damage caused by a stroke can be widespread and long-lasting. Some people need to have a long period of rehabilitation before they can recover their former independence, while many will never fully recover.

The process of rehabilitation will be specific to you, and will depend on your symptoms and how severe they are. A team of specialists are available to help, including physiotherapists, psychologists, occupational therapists, speech therapists and specialist nurses and doctors.

The damage that a stroke causes to your brain can impact on many aspects of your life and wellbeing, and depending on your individual circumstances, you may require a number of different treatment and rehabilitation methods.

Read more about recovering from a stroke.

Can strokes be prevented?

Strokes can usually be prevented through a healthy lifestyle. Eating a healthy diet, taking regular exercise, drinking alcohol in moderation and not smoking will dramatically reduce your risk of having a stroke. Lowering high blood pressure and cholesterol levels with medication also lowers the risk of stroke substantially.

Read more about preventing stroke.

Page last reviewed: 29/08/2012

Next review due: 29/08/2014

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The 20 comments posted are personal views. Any information they give has not been checked and may not be accurate.

Strokes said on 18 May 2014

I was sleeping in my bed and then i had a sharp pain in my chest and my partners sisters took me to the hospital and the doctor told me i had a mini stroke and i stayed in hospital for 4days and it took 1month to recuver im ok now from colin

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truckerprof said on 09 February 2014

informative for ‘the man in the street’

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dougalpet said on 03 May 2013

I had a mild stroke in 2010, woke at 03.00 to go to toilet but when I got up I fell down, realised what had happened and used mob to call ambulance. Crew decided to take me directly to a stroke centre rather than A&E, blues and twos even at the early hour. Seen straight away by a consultant and admitted to the unit. Had scan within an hour and within a month was ready for discharge, during my period in the hospital they ignored the fact that for many years prior to stroke I had been wheelchair bound, I was made to walk despite excrutiating pain in back, hips, knees and ankles but I did it. Now three years later I use an electric wheelchair as my right side is fairly weak but otherwise few of the problems remain. I am lucky in that I have an excellent GP practice, my local council has allocated a sheltered flat to me and so far so good, I must admit that my life has not been that healthy since leaving the army of my homeland in 1969, I smoke heavily but rarely have drunk alcohol, my only excercise being work when I was fit enough to work. The stroke clinic is based at Northwick Park Hospital in Harrow and their care was first class, the Consultant was very complimentary to the Ambulance crew for taking the decision to go directly there rather than the much nearer Ealing Hospital’s A&E.

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kimik said on 21 May 2012

My father suffered a full stroke two years ago. He was left doubly incontinent , unable to move without help and speech and cognivity hugely affected. He also has vascular dementia
He is now in a Nursing Home.
His treatment at Worcester was fantastic, The problem with stroke is that it continues after the first signs .. ie speech , paralysis etc.
Scans etc cannot give a definite result until this situation stabalises , this could be days later.
The true effects are seen months later
My Mum has just suffered a mini stroke leaving her with expressive dysphasia..
She is receiving wonderful treatment from Cheltenham hospital and is remaining at home with help.
Stroke is not a simple case of being admitted and diagnosed with treatment prescribed within the first week. there are ongoing effects which gradually show themselves .
It involves a lot of different people in a wide field of expertise in health care

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carolinef83 said on 15 February 2012

my mother in law has just suffered a stroke whats so frustrating as seems to be most peoples cases theres no rush for that scan my mil was admitted by ambulance to coventry & warwickshire university hospital weds 08/02 where after waiting several hours and showing symptoms of a stroke was givena ct scan 4 hours after arriving to be told it wasnt a stroke to go home and wait for a normal routine appointment from the specialist as she had lost all feeling in her right side sat morning 11/02 she woke up lost all feeling in her leg and couldnt walk took her back to the same hospital where she was put in to a bed and advised by a doctor they would arrange a mri scan as soon as no docotr was seen till tuesday 14/02 when they took her for a ct scan (again ) and advised her yes it was a stroke and quite serious then said they would arrange at some point to take her to the stroke ward so frustrating that for 4 days she was just left sitting in her bed without anyone seeing her and our family gp who she went to see weeks before with a few of the symptoms sent her home with some anti imflamitrys and a sppech about how the neck is made up of sugar coated wiring and some times when this comes away it causes the symptoms she was experiencing
when i asked the nurse on the ward why she was firstly sent home the first time she was admitted i was advised it wasnt the time or place to talk about it and if i wanted my question answered i could have a meeting with the doctor before walking off!

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Sue45 said on 14 December 2011

I took my partner into a & e cos he had chest pains. He was seen almost immediately and was diagnosed with atrial fib with a heart rate of over 180. They tried to being it down but were unable to keep it down. He was admitted and I went home to get him some things when I returned I noticed he couldn’t see me when I wa on his left I told the staff I thought he had suffered a stroke. This was proved correct and e had had a mini stroke. On going back the next day what a shock to find e ad suffered a massive stroke and had lst the use of his left side. He regained consciousness 3 weeks later but was extremely poorly. He contracted pnuemonia and died a week later. Why could the massive stroke not have been prevented? He was only 63 !!!!

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KELLY WILLIS said on 12 December 2011

I had a stroke in February at the age of 29. it came as a great shock as the doctors told me i was to young. i had weakness to my left side, as i made a full recovery only gaining 90% of my left arm back. I tried to carry on and get my live back to normal having two children. Then in December i was hit with having a seizure which i was not imformed that i could have, even though i wasnt in hospital as long. it was one of the worst experiences of my life.

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ycl4160 said on 02 October 2011

I had a stroke in 2001 aged 41 and now I have just had my second last month aged 51. I dont drink I dont some, I eat healthy, I just lost a stone, I jogg 3/4 times a week yet I still had a stroke.

It is so unfair I work hard and am on my own yet this has happened again.

So what is the answer? I do all the things it tells you to do to prevent another one and yet they still come, am too young to die.

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beingabee said on 10 September 2011

My 78 years old father-in-law suffered a stroke during the night on a Wed about 4 weeks ago. It’s only found out by my mother-in-law in the middle morning the next day. She contacted his GP and the GP came to see him in their house in the afternoon. Although he suspected a stroke attack but my father-in-law wasn’t admitted to hospital until Sunday, 4 whole days too late! Now he is not having any treatment as the damage to his brain is so profound that nothing could be done to save him.We were told he only has days to live. I thought when a stroke attacks F.A.S.T. should be carried out! Clearly it didn’t work in my father-in-law’s case. We are devasted and very upset to watch him slipping away so quickly……

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Happygolucky178 said on 02 April 2011

I’ve recently been told I’ve had a mini stroke, and now suffering badly with left arm weakness as a result. I’m 36 years old so why won’t these so-called medical professionals accept the fact they can happen at any age? I got told I’m too young.

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rogerbowen said on 07 March 2011

I had 8 TIA`s in 80`s and 90`s.
& whilst on prescribed medicines 1 on herbal meds.
I have had porridge and garlic every day since . My cholestreol has gone down from 9.8 to5.
R Bowen

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jeanni1 said on 16 February 2011

Regarding Lee Hardy’s comment: If you are concerned about a family members treatment in hospital if you ring your local hospital and ask for Patient Liason Service known as PALS they should put you through, you could speak to someone who will liase with the hospital on your behalf, you could also ask questions that you dont like asking the staff on the ward and they will find out for you. I think more people should use this service. Good luck

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Thepirate said on 02 February 2011

Reference to the comment by LeeHardy. I can understand fully how frustrated you must feel re thr time taken for a scan. I had a TIA and was taken to haspital on a Friday morning, no rush, no blue lights etc. I Was pparalysed on left side. After waiting about 4 hours to see a doctor, i was shifted to another ward, where i quickly improved. The same doc came to see me early evening and told me i would be checked in the morning and if I was ok, would be SENT HOME, to return Monday for a scan. Medical Emergency??, not on your life! I Was fine in the morning, foe a while, then had a larger "event". Had scan about 40 hrs too late, and no treatment for another18, as no-one could read the scans. Typical weekend / post code syndrome. Hope your gran ok now.

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ellieharkin said on 24 January 2011

hi! my uncle had a stroke on a golf course while playing golf. when he had the stroke he fell on the floor and hit himself over the head with his golf club which made it even more of a problem. he is alive and well and is having speech therapy. he is progressing really well and is able to string a sentence together now!!!

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Children have strokes too said on 14 January 2011

My 21 month old child survived a stroke after heart surgery.Anyone any age can have a stroke.Chicken pox can be a risk factor of stroke in children.
500 people die in the UK alone from Missed Stroke every year.It is believed Childhood Stroke could be as common as Childhood Cancer.

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LeeHardy said on 03 December 2010

What this page could probably do with is a link to ‘What to do if you have concerns regarding the treatment of a stroke victim’. I appreciate that this information may be located within these pages somewhere but I cannot find it easily.

I need advice or the help of someone I can talk to, to understand why the treatment of my 93 year old grandmother is differing so drastically from the NICE guidelines for stroke treatment.

She suffered a stroke on Weds 1st Dec 2010, between 17:30 and 18:15. She was admitted to Bournemouth hospital at 19:15. I have a number of concerns but the main one is that 32 hours after the event, she has still not had a brain scan. I am extremely worried that we may have missed the opportunity to consider any of the treatment options relayed within the NICE guidelines and hence may have missed the chance to reduce the effects of the stroke and/or its impacts. She continues to be ‘observed’. The brain scan is now promised today; Friday 3rd.

So back to my first comment. What I could really have done with is an understanding of to whom I should be talking to confirm that her treatment and the timescales of such have been appropriate. I will call her GP in the morning.

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hgd39 said on 23 October 2010

my husband had a stroke and luckily we knew exactly when it happened and he was eligible for the thrombolosis injection which is and was excellent….the nhs were first class on the friday but he was lefttil the tuesday for physio as it was a bank holiday weekend….however after a month in hospital he got a lot of hisfunctions back…..the weekly physio were good but as soon as he got slightly better they were stopped due to the queue waitingwe paid privately to continue) HOWEVER………no one warned us of the risks of SEIZURES which were as bad as the stroke and threw us completely……apparently these are common after strokes…….these were frightening and set him back immensely……he has now had 3 after stroke seizures in 2 years and are horrible….so please be aware and be prepared as i thought at the first one that he was dead………….

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mazb18 said on 22 March 2010

i agree with the comments recovery does depend on where you live, my husband had a massive stroke last May the paramedics were brilliant and had him straight into the stroke unit in 15 minutes.. the hospital was good but upon transfer to a hospital nearer our home 2 weeks later we got lost in the system… a 3 month follow up appointment with the consultant took 7 months and an appointment with an O.T took 8 months. luckily my husband is very determined and did a lot of the recovery himself but is still partial disabled and always will be.

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colebrook said on 15 February 2010

I have extremely High Blood Pressure and was warned last year that if we cant get it done I would have a stroke.
It is still high, at least 165/90, yet despite having weakness and pains in my left arm/face and legs, a phone call to the surgery just resulted in my being told it must be muscular. No doctor was consulted.!!
I could luft my arm partially when asked but couldnt keep it up as it was too weak/painful.
Could I have had a mini-stroke without knowing it??
If so, what happens next time I get these pains??
I was admitted to hospital.last year when my BP was 205/102.
What chance do I have if the receptionist can make decisions on her own??

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BHPearl said on 21 July 2009

Forgive me, but reading this article one would think that although a stroke was serious, most people recover fully eventually. In fact you actually say that most strokes can be successfully treated.
I wish that were true! My doctor told me 33.3% die quickly, 33.3% are permanently disabled, some seriously leaving only 33.3% who recover fully. If he is right, most people are NOT successfully treated.
Treatment also seems to depend where you live, with physiotherapy being very difficult to arrange for the elderly in some areas.

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Stroke

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NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

Recovering from stroke

Psychological impact

The two most common psychological conditions found in people after a stroke are:

  • depression – many people experience intense bouts of crying and feel hopeless and withdrawn from social activities 
  • anxiety disorder – where people experience general feelings of fear and anxiety, often punctuated by intense, uncontrolled feelings of anxiety (anxiety attack)

You will receive a psychological assessment from a member of your healthcare team within the first month after your stroke.

Feelings of anger, anxiety, depression, frustration and bewilderment are all common, although they may fade over time. Your healthcare team, family, friends and organisations such as the Stroke Association can all provide you with support and care you need.

Advice should be given to help deal with the psychological impact of stroke. This includes the impact on relationships with other family members and any sexual relationship. There should also be a regular review of any problems of depression and anxiety, and psychological and emotional symptoms generally.

These symptoms tend to settle down over time but if symptoms are severe or last a long time, GPs can refer people for expert healthcare from a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. For some people, medicines and psychological therapies, such as counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help. CBT is a therapy that aims to change the way you think about things in order to produce a more positive state of mind.

Want to know more?

Cognitive impact

Cognitive is a term used by scientists to describe the many processes and functions our brain uses to process information.

One or more cognitive functions can be disrupted by a stroke. Cognitive functions include:

  • communication  both verbal and written 
  • spatial awareness  having a natural awareness of where your body is in relation to your immediate environment 
  • memory 
  • concentration 
  • executive function  the ability to plan, solve problems and reason about situations 
  • praxis  the ability to carry out skilled physical activities, such as getting dressed or making a cup of tea

As part of your treatment, each one of your cognitive functions will be assessed and a treatment and rehabilitation plan will be created.

You can be taught a wide range of techniques that can help you re-learn disrupted cognitive functions, such as recovering communication skills through speech therapy.

There are also many methods to compensate for any loss of cognitive function, such as using memory aids or a wall planner to help plan daily tasks.

Most cognitive functions will return after time and rehabilitation but you may find that they do not return to their former levels.

The damage that a stroke causes to your brain also increases the risk of developing vascular dementia. The dementia may happen immediately after a stroke or may develop some time after the stroke occurred.

Physical impact

Strokes can cause weakness or paralysis in one side of the body. Also, many people have problems with coordination and balance. Many people suffer from extreme tiredness (fatigue) in the first few weeks after a stroke, and may also have difficulty sleeping, making them even more tired.

As part of your rehabilitation you should be seen by a physiotherapist, who will assess the extent of any physical disability before drawing up a treatment plan.

Physiotherapy will normally begin as soon as your medical condition has stabilised. At first, your physiotherapist will work with you to improve your posture and balance.

After this, you will have short sessions of physiotherapy that last a few minutes. The sessions will then increase in duration as you start to regain muscle strength and control.

The physiotherapist will work with you by setting goals. At first, these may be simple goals like picking up an object. As your condition improves, more demanding long-term goals, such as standing or walking, will be set.
A careworker or carer, such as a member of your family, will be encouraged to become involved in your physiotherapy. The physiotherapist can teach you both simple exercises you can carry out at home.

Sometimes, physiotherapy can last months or even years. The treatment is stopped when it is no longer producing any marked improvement to your condition.

Want to know more?

Communication problems

After having a stroke, many people experience problems with speaking and understanding, as well as with reading and writing.

This is called aphasia, or dysphasia, when it is caused by damage to the parts of the brain responsible for language.

If the problems are caused by muscles involved in speech being affected, this is known as dysarthria.

You should see a speech and language therapist as soon as possible for an assessment, and to start therapy to help you with communication skills.

Want to know more?

Visual problems

Stroke can sometimes damage the parts of the brain that receive, process and interpret information sent by the eyes. Some people may have double vision, or lose half of their field of vision in one eye. This means they are able to see everything on one side of the eye, but are blind on the other side.

Want to know more?

Sex after stroke

Even if you have been left with a severe disability, it is important to experiment with different positions and find new ways of being intimate with your partner. Having sex will not put you at higher risk of having a stroke. There is no guarantee you will not have another stroke but there is no reason why it should happen while you are having sex.

Be aware that some drugs can reduce your sex drive (libido), so make sure your doctor knows if you have a problem, there may be other medicines which can help.

Read more about good sex.

Bladder and bowel control

Some strokes damage the part of the brain that controls bladder and bowel movements. This can result in urinary incontinence and difficulty with bowel control.

Most people who have had a stroke regain control in a week or so. If there are still problems when they leave hospital after a stroke, there is help in the community available from the hospital, GP or community continence nurse.

Want to know more?

Driving

If you have had a stroke, you cannot drive for one month. Whether you can return to driving depends on what long-term disabilities you may have and the type of vehicle you drive.

Your GP can advise about whether you can start driving again a month after your stroke or whether you need further assessment at a mobility centre.

Want to know more?

Caring for someone

There are many ways you can provide support to a friend or relative who has had a stroke to speed up their rehabilitation process. These include:

  • helping to practice physiotherapy exercises in between their sessions with the physiotherapist 
  • providing emotional support and reassurance their condition will improve with time 
  • helping motivate the person to reach their long-term goals 
  • adapting to any needs they may have, such as speaking slowly if they have communication problems

Caring for somebody after a stroke can be a frustrating and sometimes a lonely experience. The advice outlined below may help.

Be prepared for changed behaviour

Someone who has had a stroke can often seem as though they have had a change in personality and appear to act irrationally at times. This is due to the psychological and cognitive impact of a stroke. They may become angry or resentful towards you. Upsetting as it may be, try not to take it personally. It is important to remember that a person will return to their old self as their rehabilitation progresses.

Try to remain patient and positive

Rehabilitation can be a slow and frustrating process, and there will be periods of time when it appears little progress has been made. Encouraging and praising any progress, no matter how small it may appear, can help motivate someone who has had a stroke to achieve their long-term goals.

Make time for yourself

If you are caring for someone who has had a stroke, it is important not to neglect your own physical and psychological wellbeing. Socialising with friends or pursuing leisure interests will help you cope better with the situation.

Ask for help

There are a wide range of support services and resources available for people recovering from strokes, and their families and carers. This ranges from equipment that can help with mobility, to psychological support for carers and families.

The hospital staff involved with the rehabilitation process can provide advice and relevant contact information.

Want to know more?

Will I be able to lead a normal life again?

  • A third of people will make an almost full recovery physically and should be encouraged to lead a normal life. 
  • A third of people will have a significant amount of disability. This will vary from the severely disabled, e.g. people who need help getting in and out of bed, to milder things, such as needing help with bathing. 
  • A third of people will be severely affected by stroke and will die within the year. The majority of these people will die in hospital in the first few weeks.

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Published Date
2014-07-09 23:28:34Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Brain,Carers,Cognitive behavioural therapy,Communication,Disability (living with),Rehabilitation,Speech and language therapists,Speech therapy,Stroke




Stroke – Recovery – NHS Choices

































































Stroke – Recovery 

Recovering from stroke 

The damage caused by a stroke can be widespread and long-lasting. Many people need to have a long period of rehabilitation before they can recover their former independence.

The process of rehabilitation will be specific to you, and will depend on your symptoms and their severity. A team of specialists are available to help, including physiotherapists, psychologists, occupational therapists, speech therapists and specialist nurses and doctors.

The damage that a stroke causes to your brain can impact on many aspects of your life and wellbeing, and depending on your individual circumstances, you may require a number of different treatment and rehabilitation methods. These are discussed in more detail below.

Want to know more?

Psychological impact  hide

The two most common psychological conditions found in people after a stroke are:

  • depression – many people experience intense bouts of crying and feel hopeless and withdrawn from social activities 
  • anxiety disorder – where people experience general feelings of fear and anxiety, often punctuated by intense, uncontrolled feelings of anxiety (anxiety attack)

You will receive a psychological assessment from a member of your healthcare team within the first month after your stroke.

Feelings of anger, anxiety, depression, frustration and bewilderment are all common, although they may fade over time. Your healthcare team, family, friends and organisations such as the Stroke Association can all provide you with support and care you need.

Advice should be given to help deal with the psychological impact of stroke. This includes the impact on relationships with other family members and any sexual relationship. There should also be a regular review of any problems of depression and anxiety, and psychological and emotional symptoms generally.

These symptoms tend to settle down over time but if symptoms are severe or last a long time, GPs can refer people for expert healthcare from a psychiatrist or clinical psychologist. For some people, medicines and psychological therapies, such as counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can help. CBT is a therapy that aims to change the way you think about things in order to produce a more positive state of mind.

Want to know more?

back to top

Cognitive impact show

Cognitive is a term used by scientists to describe the many processes and functions our brain uses to process information.

One or more cognitive functions can be disrupted by a stroke. Cognitive functions include:

  • communication  both verbal and written 
  • spatial awareness  having a natural awareness of where your body is in relation to your immediate environment 
  • memory 
  • concentration 
  • executive function  the ability to plan, solve problems and reason about situations 
  • praxis  the ability to carry out skilled physical activities, such as getting dressed or making a cup of tea

As part of your treatment, each one of your cognitive functions will be assessed and a treatment and rehabilitation plan will be created.

You can be taught a wide range of techniques that can help you re-learn disrupted cognitive functions, such as recovering communication skills through speech therapy.

There are also many methods to compensate for any loss of cognitive function, such as using memory aids or a wall planner to help plan daily tasks.

Most cognitive functions will return after time and rehabilitation but you may find that they do not return to their former levels.

The damage that a stroke causes to your brain also increases the risk of developing vascular dementia. The dementia may happen immediately after a stroke or may develop some time after the stroke occurred.

back to top

Physical impact show

Strokes can cause weakness or paralysis in one side of the body. Also, many people have problems with coordination and balance. Many people suffer from extreme tiredness (fatigue) in the first few weeks after a stroke, and may also have difficulty sleeping, making them even more tired.

As part of your rehabilitation you should be seen by a physiotherapist, who will assess the extent of any physical disability before drawing up a treatment plan.

Physiotherapy will normally begin as soon as your medical condition has stabilised. At first, your physiotherapist will work with you to improve your posture and balance.

After this, you will have short sessions of physiotherapy that last a few minutes. The sessions will then increase in duration as you start to regain muscle strength and control.

The physiotherapist will work with you by setting goals. At first, these may be simple goals like picking up an object. As your condition improves, more demanding long-term goals, such as standing or walking, will be set.
A careworker or carer, such as a member of your family, will be encouraged to become involved in your physiotherapy. The physiotherapist can teach you both simple exercises you can carry out at home.

Sometimes, physiotherapy can last months or even years. The treatment is stopped when it is no longer producing any marked improvement to your condition.

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Communication problems show

After having a stroke, many people experience problems with speaking and understanding, as well as with reading and writing.

This is called aphasia, or dysphasia, when it is caused by damage to the parts of the brain responsible for language.

If the problems are caused by muscles involved in speech being affected, this is known as dysarthria.

You should see a speech and language therapist as soon as possible for an assessment, and to start therapy to help you with communication skills.

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Visual problems  show

Stroke can sometimes damage the parts of the brain that receive, process and interpret information sent by the eyes. Some people may have double vision, or lose half of their field of vision in one eye. This means they are able to see everything on one side of the eye, but are blind on the other side.

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Sex after stroke  show

Even if you have been left with a severe disability, it is important to experiment with different positions and find new ways of being intimate with your partner. Having sex will not put you at higher risk of having a stroke. There is no guarantee you will not have another stroke but there is no reason why it should happen while you are having sex.

Be aware that some drugs can reduce your sex drive (libido), so make sure your doctor knows if you have a problem, there may be other medicines which can help.

Read more about good sex.

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Bladder and bowel control  show

Some strokes damage the part of the brain that controls bladder and bowel movements. This can result in urinary incontinence and difficulty with bowel control.

Most people who have had a stroke regain control in a week or so. If there are still problems when they leave hospital after a stroke, there is help in the community available from the hospital, GP or community continence nurse.

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Driving show

If you have had a stroke, you cannot drive for one month. Whether you can return to driving depends on what long-term disabilities you may have and the type of vehicle you drive.

Your GP can advise about whether you can start driving again a month after your stroke or whether you need further assessment at a mobility centre.

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Caring for someone  show

There are many ways you can provide support to a friend or relative who has had a stroke to speed up their rehabilitation process. These include:

  • helping to practice physiotherapy exercises in between their sessions with the physiotherapist 
  • providing emotional support and reassurance their condition will improve with time 
  • helping motivate the person to reach their long-term goals 
  • adapting to any needs they may have, such as speaking slowly if they have communication problems

Caring for somebody after a stroke can be a frustrating and sometimes a lonely experience. The advice outlined below may help.

Be prepared for changed behaviour

Someone who has had a stroke can often seem as though they have had a change in personality and appear to act irrationally at times. This is due to the psychological and cognitive impact of a stroke. They may become angry or resentful towards you. Upsetting as it may be, try not to take it personally. It is important to remember that a person will return to their old self as their rehabilitation progresses.

Try to remain patient and positive

Rehabilitation can be a slow and frustrating process, and there will be periods of time when it appears little progress has been made. Encouraging and praising any progress, no matter how small it may appear, can help motivate someone who has had a stroke to achieve their long-term goals.

Make time for yourself

If you are caring for someone who has had a stroke, it is important not to neglect your own physical and psychological wellbeing. Socialising with friends or pursuing leisure interests will help you cope better with the situation.

Ask for help

There are a wide range of support services and resources available for people recovering from strokes, and their families and carers. This ranges from equipment that can help with mobility, to psychological support for carers and families.

The hospital staff involved with the rehabilitation process can provide advice and relevant contact information.

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Will I be able to lead a normal life again? show

  • A third of people will make an almost full recovery physically and should be encouraged to lead a normal life. 
  • A third of people will have a significant amount of disability. This will vary from the severely disabled, e.g. people who need help getting in and out of bed, to milder things, such as needing help with bathing. 
  • A third of people will be severely affected by stroke and will die within the year. The majority of these people will die in hospital in the first few weeks.

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Page last reviewed: 29/08/2012

Next review due: 29/08/2014

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The 1 comments posted are personal views. Any information they give has not been checked and may not be accurate.

EuanA said on 15 September 2013

A team of specialists? I wish. I had a lacunar stroke three weeks ago and am still waiting to see a physiotherapist. Someone rang two days ago to say she was about to go on holiday so hopefully someone else will contact me. I’ve been told, as I am 41 and had my first stroke, that I should have had physio in the week following my stroke. Instead I am still waiting. It is a disgrace and my situation is not improving at all.

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An occupational therapist explains what occupational therapy involves, who can benefit and the different types of help that are available.

Media last reviewed: 12/09/2013

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NHS Choices Syndication


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Stroke

See what the doctor sees with Map of Medicine

The Map of Medicine is used by doctors throughout the NHS to determine the best treatment options for their patients. NHS Choices offers everyone in England exclusive and free access to this cutting-edge internet resource, which lets you see exactly what your doctor sees.

The information in the Map has been approved by the UK’s leading clinical experts, is based on the best available clinical evidence, and is continually updated. To take advantage of this unique resource go to:

Map of Medicine: stroke and transient ischaemic attack

Map of Medicine: anticoagulation

Published Date
2012-12-20 11:19:16Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Stroke






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

Symptoms and signs of stroke

If you suspect that you or someone else is having a stroke, phone 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance.

Even if the symptoms of a stroke disappear while you are waiting for the ambulance to arrive, you or the person having the stroke should still go to hospital for an assessment. Symptoms that disappear may mean you have had a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) and you could be at risk of having a full stroke at a later stage.

After an initial assessment, you may need to be admitted to hospital to receive a more in-depth assessment and, if necessary, for specialist treatment to begin.

Recognising the signs and symptoms of a stroke

The signs and symptoms of a stroke vary from person to person but usually begin suddenly. As different parts of your brain control different parts of your body, your symptoms will depend upon the part of your brain affected and the extent of the damage.

The main stroke symptoms can be remembered with the word FAST: Face-Arms-Speech-Time.

  • Face – the face may have dropped on one side, the person may not be able to smile or their mouth or eye may have drooped
  • Arms – the person with suspected stroke may not be able to lift one or both arms and keep them there because of arm weakness or numbness
  • Speech – their speech may be slurred or garbled, or the person may not be able to talk at all despite appearing to be awake
  • Time – it is time to dial 999 immediately if you see any of these signs or symptoms

It is important for everyone to be aware of these signs and symptoms. If you live with or care for somebody in a high-risk group, such as someone who is elderly or has diabetes or high blood pressure, being aware of the symptoms is even more important.

Symptoms in the FAST test identify about nine out of 10 strokes.

Other signs and symptoms may include:

  • numbness or weakness resulting in complete paralysis of one side of the body
  • sudden loss of vision 
  • dizziness 
  • communication problems, difficulty talking and understanding what others are saying 
  • problems with balance and coordination 
  • difficulty swallowing 
  • sudden and severe headache, unlike any the person has had before, especially if associated with neck stiffness
  • blacking out (in severe cases)

‘Mini-stroke’ or transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

The symptoms of a transient ischaemic attack (TIA) are the same as a stroke, last from between a few minutes to a few hours, then completely disappear. However, never ignore a TIA as it is a serious warning sign there is a problem with the blood supply to your brain.

There is about a one in 10 chance those who have a TIA will experience a full stroke during the four weeks following the TIA. If you have had a TIA, you should contact your GP, local hospital or out-of-hours service, as soon as possible.

Read more about types of stroke at The Stroke Association.

Published Date
2014-05-01 11:31:57Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Cerebrovascular disease,Face,Hypertension,Stroke,Transient ischaemic attack






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

Treating stroke

Ischaemic strokes

Ischaemic strokes can be treated using a ‘clot-busting’ medicine called alteplase, which dissolves blood clots (thrombolysis). However, alteplase is only effective if started during the first four and a half hours after the onset of the stroke. After that time, the medicine has not been shown to have beneficial effects. Even within this narrow time frame, the quicker alteplase can be started the better the chance of recovery. However, not all patients are suitable for thrombolysis treatment.

You will also be given a regular dose of aspirin (an anti-platelet medication), as this makes the cells in your blood, known as platelets, less sticky, reducing the chances of further blood clots occurring. If you are allergic to aspirin, other anti-platelet medicines are available.

Anticoagulants

You may also be given an additional medication called an anticoagulant. Like aspirin, anticoagulants prevent blood clots by changing the chemical composition of the blood in a way that prevents clots from occurring. Heparin, warfarin and more recently rivaroxaban are examples of anticoagulants.

Anticoagulants are often prescribed for people who have an irregular heartbeat that can cause blood clots.

Blood pressure

If your blood pressure is too high, you may be given medicines to lower it. Medicines that are commonly used include:

  • thiazide diuretics
  • angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
  • calcium channel blockers
  • beta-blockers
  • alpha-blockers

Read more about treating high blood pressure.

Statins

If the level of cholesterol in your blood is too high, you will be given a medicine known as a statin. Statins reduce the level of cholesterol in your blood by blocking an enzyme (chemical) in the liver that produces cholesterol.

Carotid stenosis

Some ischaemic strokes are caused by a narrowing in the carotid artery, which is an artery in the neck, which takes blood to the brain. The narrowing, known as carotid stenosis, is caused by a build-up of fatty plaques.

If the carotid stenosis is particularly bad, surgery may be used to unblock the artery. This is done using a surgical technique called a carotid endarterectomy. It involves the surgeon making an incision in your neck in order to open up the carotid artery and remove the fatty deposits.

Haemorrhagic strokes

Emergency surgery is often needed to treat haemorrhagic strokes to remove any blood from the brain and repair any burst blood vessels. This is usually done using a surgical procedure known as a craniotomy.

During a craniotomy, a small section of the skull is cut away to allow the surgeon access to the cause of the bleeding. The surgeon will repair any damaged blood vessels and ensure there are no blood clots present that may restrict the blood flow to the brain. After the bleeding has been stopped, the piece of bone removed from the skull is replaced.

Following a craniotomy, the patient may have to be placed on a ventilator. A ventilator is a machine that assists someone with their breathing. It gives the body time to recover by taking over its normal responsibilities, such as breathing, and it will help control any swelling in the brain.

The patient will also be given medicines, such as ACE inhibitors, to lower blood pressure and prevent further strokes from occurring.

Transient ischaemic attack (TIA)

The treatment for a TIA involves addressing the risk factors that may have led to it, to try to prevent a bigger, more serious stroke.

If you have a TIA, the treatment you receive will depend on what caused it, but you will typically be given one of the medicines outlined above or a combination of them. So, if high blood pressure and high cholesterol levels put you at risk of having a stroke, you may be given a combination of statins and ACE inhibitors.

If the risk of a stroke is high due to a build-up of fatty plaques in your carotid artery, a carotid endarterectomy may be required.

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Published Date
2014-07-09 23:28:32Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Anticoagulant drugs,Disability (living with),Hypertension,National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence,Stroke,Transient ischaemic attack,Treatments






NHS Choices Syndication


Stroke

“Doctors said I had had a massive stroke.”

Before June 17 2000, Jane Stokes CBE was a successful lawyer with a 25-year career in the civil service.

She was highly driven and passionate, working up to 15 hours a day as a legal advisor in the Treasury Solicitor’s Department. That stopped suddenly one Monday morning.

Jane, 52 at the time, was getting ready for work when she collapsed in her bathroom in Dulwich, south London.

She might not have been here today if two concerned colleagues hadn’t travelled to her house when she didn’t turn up for work.

“I was on the bathroom floor, going in and out of consciousness and unable to move,” she says. “I lived alone so there was no one I could call out to for help.”

By the time Jane reached King’s College Hospital, it had been more than three hours since the stroke, a delay which may have increased the brain damage.

Jane had had an ischaemic stroke (a blood clot in the brain) and she was given statins and aspirin to thin the blood. Once her condition was stable, she began rehabilitation and spent seven months in hospital.

“I was devastated,” she says. “I thought, ‘The career is finished.’ But I tried to remain positive and take one day at a time.”

Her parents, who lived in Bournemouth, came up to visit her three days a week. Jane says the support from her family and close friends was vital for helping her recovery. “They were fantastic,” she says.

In hospital, Jane received physiotherapy, occupational therapy (including relearning everyday tasks in the home) and speech and language therapy.

She had lost the movement down her right side and had a severe speech disability.

“Doctors said I had had a massive stroke,” says Jane. “I was almost dead. It was more than three hours before I received any treatment.”

‘I don’t know what keeps me going, but I just think it’s good to be here.’

Raised risk

She says her lifestyle may have raised her risk of a stroke. As a smoker, she had developed a two-pack-a-day habit. She drank moderately and neglected her fitness when her career began to take over.

“I was working up to 15 hours a day, seven days a week,” she says. “I was driven and I enjoyed the challenge.”

Recovery is a long process. Jane’s speech was severely affected and she found it frustrating when she could not find the words to express what she was thinking.

Jane now dedicates her time to volunteering for Connect, a charity that provides support services and information for people recovering from a stroke. “I’ve stopped smoking. “That was no problem. I drink moderately and keep fit, mainly through walking.”

Keeping her spirits up isn’t always easy. “I try to stay positive but sometimes I feel down in the dumps,” she says.

“I don’t know what keeps me going, but I just think it’s good to be here.”

 

Published Date
2014-07-09 23:28:36Z
Last Review Date
2012-08-28 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2014-08-28 00:00:00Z
Classification
Stroke


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