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Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)





NHS Choices Syndication


Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Causes of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Most cases of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are caused by a mutation in the genetic building blocks (DNA) of either the PKD1 or PKD2 genes.

In ADPKD, the faulty PKD1 and PKD2 genes causes some of the cells in the kidneys to reproduce abnormally, which causes cysts to form.

In most cases of ADPKD, the faulty gene is passed to a child by one of the parents. A child of a parent with ADPKD has a 50% chance of inheriting the faulty gene.

Non-inherited ADPKD

In around one in four cases of ADPKD, a person develops the condition without having a known family history of the condition.

This could be because the condition was never diagnosed in a relative, or a relative with the condition may have died before their symptoms were recognised.

In around 1 in 20 of ADPKD cases, the mutation develops for the first time in the affected person. It is not known what causes this to happen.

The affected person can then pass the faulty gene on to their children in the same way as someone who inherited it from one of their parents (see above).

Published Date
2014-08-11 09:36:52Z
Last Review Date
2014-06-08 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2016-06-08 00:00:00Z
Classification
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease






NHS Choices Syndication


Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Complications of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) can sometimes lead to potentially serious complications in other parts of the body besides the kidneys.

Some of the main complications associated with ADPKD are described below.

Liver cysts

Many people with ADPKD develop cysts in other organs, in addition to their kidneys. One of the most common organs also affected by ADPKD is the liver.

These cysts do not usually disrupt normal liver functions, but they can sometimes become infected and/or cause symptoms such as:

  • abdominal pain
  • swelling and bloating of your tummy (abdomen)
  • in rare cases, jaundice (yellowing of the eyes and skin from liver damage)

In most cases, the symptoms will pass without the need for treatment. In rare cases, when a larger cyst causes severe and/or persistent pain, surgery may be required to drain the cyst.

In very rare cases, the liver becomes so massively swollen that it stops working properly. It may be necessary to surgically remove some of the liver or perform a complete liver transplant.

Cardiovascular disease

As a result of high blood pressure, people with ADPKD also have an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD).

CVD is a general term to refer to conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels, and includes:

  • coronary heart disease  where the supply of blood to the heart becomes restricted
  • stroke  when the blood supply to part of the brain is blocked, damaging it irreversibly
  • heart attack  when the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, causing irreversible damage to the heart muscle

If you are at risk of CVD, you may be prescribed low-dose aspirin to help stop your blood clotting, and a medication called a statin to reduce your cholesterol levels.

Making healthy lifestyle changes can also help reduce your risk of CVD, such as stopping smoking, reducing your alcohol intake, exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet.

Read more about preventing CVD.

Brain aneurysms

An aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall. As the blood passes through the weakened part of the vessel, the blood pressure causes it to bulge outwards like a balloon.

Brain aneurysms are more common in people with ADPKD than those in the general population, probably due to the high blood pressure affecting the weakened blood vessel walls.

A brain aneurysm does not usually cause any noticeable symptoms unless it bursts (ruptures). The ruptured aneurysm then causes bleeding over the surface of the brain. This is known as a subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Symptoms of a subarachnoid haemorrhage can include:

  • a sudden agonising headache – which is often described as being similar to a sudden hit on the head, resulting in a blinding pain unlike anything experienced before
  • stiff neck
  • feeling and being sick
  • sensitivity to light (photophobia)
  • blurred or double vision
  • confusion
  • stroke-like symptoms – such as slurred speech and weakness on one side of the body
  • loss of consciousness or convulsions (uncontrollable shaking)

A subarachnoid haemorrhage is a medical emergency that requires immediate treatment to prevent serious complications, brain damage and death. Call 999 immediately and ask for an ambulance if you think that you or someone you know is having a subarachnoid haemorrhage.

Screening

It is estimated that around 10% of people with ADPKD will develop a brain aneurysm, but most won’t have any symptoms and will never cause a problem. Those people who also have a family history of subarachnoid haemorrhages are at greater risk.

If you have ADPKD and have a family history of subarachnoid haemorrhages, you will usually be offered a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to check for aneurysms in your brain. If no aneurysm, or only small ones, are found you will be offered further scans at intervals of one to five years to check for the development of new ones or an increase in the size of an existing one. 

If an aneurysm of a particular size is detected and your doctor thinks there is a risk it could rupture in the future, they may recommend having an operation or procedure to prevent this.

Read more about treating brain aneurysms.

Published Date
2014-08-11 09:54:26Z
Last Review Date
2014-06-08 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2016-06-08 00:00:00Z
Classification
Acute renal failure,Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,Blood in urine,Chronic illnesses,Chronic renal failure,Cysts,Hypertension,Intracranial aneurysm,Kidney,Kidney disease,Subarachnoid haemorrhage,Vision problems






NHS Choices Syndication


Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Diagnosing autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) tends to be diagnosed in adults aged over 30 because symptoms don’t usually develop until this stage.

When making a diagnosis, your GP will ask about your symptoms and your family’s medical history. If your kidneys are enlarged, your GP may be able to feel them in your tummy (abdomen).

Your GP may also arrange for some of the tests described below to be carried out.

Urine and blood tests

Your GP will measure your blood pressure to see if it is higher than normal. They may also carry out other tests, such as:

  • urine tests – to check for blood or protein in your urine
  • blood tests – to allow an estimate of the rate that your kidneys are filtering your blood to be made

GFR blood test

An effective way of assessing how well your kidneys are working is to calculate your glomerular filtration rate (GFR). GFR is a measurement of how many millilitres (ml) of blood your kidneys can filter out waste products in a minute. A healthy pair of kidneys should be able to filter more than 90ml per minute.

It is difficult to measure GFR directly, so it is estimated using a formula. The result is called the estimated GFR or eGFR. Calculating your eGFR involves taking a blood sample and measuring the levels of a waste product called creatinine, taking into account age, gender and ethnic group.

If your creatinine levels are higher than normal, it suggests your kidneys may not be filtering the blood as effectively as they should be. A low eGFR rate (15-29ml per minute) would suggest your kidneys are failing. At an eGFR of less than 10ml per minute, renal replacement treatment with dialysis or kidney transplantation is needed.

Read our page on diagnosing kidney disease for more information about what eGFR results mean.

Scans

Your doctor will also arrange for you to have an ultrasound scan to look for cysts in your kidneys or other organs, such as your liver. 

This is a painless procedure that involves passing a probe across the skin over your kidneys. The probe emits high-frequency sound waves that are used to create an image of the inside of your body.

In some cases, your doctor may arrange a computerised tomography (CT) scan or a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan for you. These show the kidney in more detail.

If you have a family history of brain aneurysms, you will be advised to have a MRI scan. A brain aneurysm is a bulge in one of the blood vessels in the brain that is caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall. 

Read more about diagnosing brain aneurysms.

Screening

Screening people known to be at risk of developing ADPKD due to a family history of the condition is a controversial issue in the medical community.

Some argue that screening achieves little, as there is currently no treatment to stop ADPKD developing.

Telling a person that they have ADPKD and are likely to develop kidney failure later in life could also cause a lot of stress and anxiety.

Other experts argue that although you can’t prevent ADPKD, you can treat the high blood pressure (hypertension) associated with the condition, which may reduce the person’s risk of developing cardiovascular disease. If the diagnosis is known, complications will not come as a surprise and can be treated promptly and appropriately. 

If you are considering being screened for ADPKD, or are considering having your children screened for the condition, discuss the advantages and disadvantages of screening with your GP, partner and family.

How screening is performed

There are two methods used to confirm a diagnosis of ADPKD. These are:

  • using an ultrasound, CT or MRI scan to check for any kidney abnormalities
  • in special circumstances, using genetic blood tests to determine whether you have inherited one of the genetic faults known to cause ADPKD in your family – however, these genetic tests are very expensive and can be difficult to interpret, so are not routinely performed

However, it’s important to be aware that neither test is entirely accurate and they may not always detect ADPKD, even if you do have the condition..

Published Date
2014-08-11 09:47:37Z
Last Review Date
2014-06-08 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2016-06-08 00:00:00Z
Classification
Acute renal failure,Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,Blood,Blood in urine,Blood tests,Chronic renal failure,CT scan,Hypertension,Kidney,Kidney disease,Kidney tests,Urinary problems,Urine,Urine tests






NHS Choices Syndication


Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Introduction

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited condition that causes small, fluid-filled sacs called cysts to develop in the kidneys.

Although children are born with the condition, ADPKD does not usually cause any noticeable problems until the cysts grow large enough to affect the kidneys’ functions.

In most cases, this doesn’t occur until 30-60 years of age.

When ADPKD reaches this stage, it can cause a wide range of problems, including:

Eventually, kidney function gets worse and worse, until so much is lost that kidney failure develops.

Read more about the symptoms of ADPKD and diagnosing ADPKD.

What causes ADPKD?

ADPKD is caused by a genetic fault that disrupts normal development of the kidneys and causes cysts to grow.

Faults in one of two different genes are known to cause ADPKD. These are:

  • PKD1 – which accounts for 85% of cases
  • PKD2 – which accounts for 15% of cases

Both these types have the same symptoms, but they tend to be more severe in PKD1.

A baby has a 50% chance of developing ADPKD if one of its parents has the faulty PKD1 or PKD2 gene.

However, there is a different, rarer type of kidney disease called autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), which can only be inherited if both parents carry the faulty gene. In ARPKD, problems usually start in childhood.

Read more about the causes of ADPKD.

Who is affected

ADPKD is the most common inherited condition to affect the kidneys, although it is still relatively uncommon.

Only around one or two in every 1,000 people are born with ADPKD, which means there are currently around 60,000 people in the UK with the condition.

How ADPKD is treated

There is currently no cure for ADPKD, but various treatments are available to manage problems caused by the condition.

Most problems  such as high blood pressure, pain and UTIs  can be treated with medication, although you may need to have an operation to remove any large kidney stones that develop.

If the condition reaches a point where the kidneys are not able to function properly, there are two main treatment options:

  • dialysis  where a machine is used to replicate kidney functions
  • kidney transplant  where a healthy kidney is removed from a living or recently deceased donor and implanted into someone with kidney failure

Read more about treating ADPKD.

Outlook

The outlook for ADPKD is highly variable. Some people experience kidney failure soon after the condition is diagnosed, whereas others may live the rest of their life with their kidneys working relatively well.

On average, around half of people with ADPKD require treatment for kidney failure by the time they are 60.

As well as kidney failure, ADPKD can also cause a number of other potentially serious problems, such as heart attacks and strokes caused by high blood pressure, or bleeding on the brain (subarachnoid haemorrhage) caused by a bulge in the wall of a blood vessel in your brain (brain aneurysm).

Read more about the complications of ADPKD.

Published Date
2014-08-11 09:22:36Z
Last Review Date
2014-06-08 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2016-06-08 00:00:00Z
Classification
Acute renal failure,Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease,Blood in urine,Chronic renal failure,Dialysis,Genetic conditions and birth defects,Hypertension,Kidney,Kidney disease




Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease – NHS Choices






























































Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease 

Introduction 

ADPKD causes multiple cysts to develop in the kidneys 

The kidneys

The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs that are located on either side of the back of the body, just underneath the ribcage.

The main role of the kidneys is to filter out waste products from the blood and pass them out of the body as urine.

The kidneys also play an important role in:

  • helping to maintain blood pressure at a healthy level
  • keeping salt and water in balance
  • making hormones needed for the production of blood and bone

Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited condition that causes small, fluid-filled sacs called cysts to develop in the kidneys.

Although children are born with the condition, ADPKD does not usually cause any noticeable problems until the cysts grow large enough to affect the kidneys’ functions.

In most cases, this doesn’t occur until 30-60 years of age.

When ADPKD reaches this stage, it can cause a wide range of problems, including:

Eventually, kidney function gets worse and worse, until so much is lost that kidney failure develops.

Read more about the symptoms of ADPKD and diagnosing ADPKD.

What causes ADPKD?

ADPKD is caused by a genetic fault that disrupts normal development of the kidneys and causes cysts to grow.

Faults in one of two different genes are known to cause ADPKD. These are:

  • PKD1 – which accounts for 85% of cases
  • PKD2 – which accounts for 15% of cases

Both these types have the same symptoms, but they tend to be more severe in PKD1.

A baby has a 50% chance of developing ADPKD if one of its parents has the faulty PKD1 or PKD2 gene.

However, there is a different, rarer type of kidney disease called autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), which can only be inherited if both parents carry the faulty gene. In ARPKD, problems usually start in childhood.

Read more about the causes of ADPKD.

Who is affected

ADPKD is the most common inherited condition to affect the kidneys, although it is still relatively uncommon.

Only around one or two in every 1,000 people are born with ADPKD, which means there are currently around 60,000 people in the UK with the condition.

How ADPKD is treated

There is currently no cure for ADPKD, but various treatments are available to manage problems caused by the condition.

Most problems  such as high blood pressure, pain and UTIs  can be treated with medication, although you may need to have an operation to remove any large kidney stones that develop.

If the condition reaches a point where the kidneys are not able to function properly, there are two main treatment options:

  • dialysis  where a machine is used to replicate kidney functions
  • kidney transplant  where a healthy kidney is removed from a living or recently deceased donor and implanted into someone with kidney failure

Read more about treating ADPKD.

Outlook

The outlook for ADPKD is highly variable. Some people experience kidney failure soon after the condition is diagnosed, whereas others may live the rest of their life with their kidneys working relatively well.

On average, around half of people with ADPKD require treatment for kidney failure by the time they are 60.

As well as kidney failure, ADPKD can also cause a number of other potentially serious problems, such as heart attacks and strokes caused by high blood pressure, or bleeding on the brain (subarachnoid haemorrhage) caused by a bulge in the wall of a blood vessel in your brain (brain aneurysm).

Read more about the complications of ADPKD.

Page last reviewed: 09/06/2014

Next review due: 09/06/2016

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Advice for new patients with kidney disease

Lifestyle tips for new kidney disease patients plus the vaccinations and medicines you may need











NHS Choices Syndication


Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Symptoms of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

The symptoms of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) are caused by the growth of fluid-filled sacs (cysts) in the kidneys.

Although the condition is present from birth, ADPKD may not cause any obvious problems until the cysts have reached a size where they significantly affect how well your kidneys work. In most cases, this doesn’t happen until 30-60 years of age.

The growth of these cysts can eventually cause your kidneys to increase in size. In some cases, the kidneys of older adults with ADPKD can be three or four times larger than those of adults who don’t have the condition.

What problems can ADPKD cause?

The growth of cysts in your kidneys can cause a wide range of problems, including:

These problems are described in more detail below.

Pain

Pain in the abdomen, side or lower back is often the first noticeable symptom of ADPKD. This can be severe, but is usually short-lived  lasting from a few minutes to several days.

Common causes of pain associated with ADPKD include:

  • a cyst becoming larger
  • bleeding into one or more cysts
  • a kidney stone getting stuck in your kidney  
  • a kidney or other part of your urinary system, such as your bladder, becoming infected – these are known as UTIs

Blood in your urine

Blood in your urine can be another common initial symptom of ADPKD. Although this can often be a frightening symptom, it is not usually a serious concern because most cases will resolve within a week without the need for treatment.

However, it is still important to see your GP if you notice blood in your urine so another cause, such as a growth in the bladder, can be looked for and excluded.

High blood pressure

High blood pressure is considered by many experts to be the first effect of ADPKD, and it can affect some children with the condition.

However, high blood pressure does not usually cause any obvious symptoms and is only usually detected during routine testing. 

Symptoms only occur when it reaches a very high level, which is rare. In such circumstances, symptoms can include:

If there are any symptoms to suggest that it may be uncontrolled, you should see your GP urgently.

Kidney stones

Having ADPKD puts you at increased risk of developing kidney stones. 

Smaller kidney stones may pass out of your kidneys without causing any symptoms, but larger stones can get blocked in your kidney or ureter (the tube that connects your kidney to your bladder) and cause problems such as:

  • intense pain in the back or side of your abdomen, or occasionally in your groin – the pain may last for minutes or hours, with pain-free intervals in between
  • feeling restless and unable to lie still
  • feeling sick
  • needing to urinate more often than normal
  • blood in your urine

You should contact your GP if you think you have a kidney stone, so they can try to find out what is causing your symptoms.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

UTIs are broadly classified into one of two groups  lower UTIs and upper UTIs.

A lower UTI is an infection that develops in your bladder or urethra (the tube that carries urine out of the body). An upper UTI is an infection that develops in your kidneys or your ureters (the tubes that link your kidneys to your bladder).

ADPKD does not increase your risk of developing lower UTIs such as bladder infections (cystitis), but can mean that any lower UTIs you do develop could spread to the kidneys and become potentially serious upper UTIs.

The symptoms of a lower UTI can include:

  • cloudy urine
  • a need to urinate more frequently, either during the day or night, or both
  • pain or discomfort when passing urine
  • an urgent need to urinate (holding in your urine becomes more difficult)
  • unpleasant smelling urine

The symptoms of an upper UTI can include:

  • a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) or above
  • uncontrollable shivering
  • feeling sick
  • vomiting
  • diarrhoea 

You should visit your GP if you have ADPKD and you think you may have a UTI, because it may need treatment to stop the infection spreading into the cysts in your kidneys.

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)

Most people with ADPKD will eventually lose a significant amount of kidney function. Loss of kidney function caused by kidney damage is known as chronic kidney disease (CKD).

CKD does not usually cause symptoms until it has reached an advanced stage, known as CKD stage 4 (when 75% of kidney function has been lost).

The most advanced stage of CKD (stage 5) is called kidney failure or end-stage renal disease. This is when dialysis is essential to keep the person alive. Symptoms of kidney failure include:

Kidney failure rarely happens suddenly, and treatment options should have been discussed and a treatment plan chosen before this stage has been reached.

Published Date
2014-10-09 10:24:50Z
Last Review Date
2014-06-08 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2016-06-08 00:00:00Z
Classification
Aches, pains and soreness,Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,Bladder,Bladder infections,Blood in urine,Hypertension,Kidney,Kidney disease,Kidney infections,Kidney stones,Ureter and urethra,Urinary tract infections,Urine






NHS Choices Syndication


Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)

Treating autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

Although there are some potentially useful medications that can reduce the growth rate of cysts, there is currently no treatment that can cure autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) or stop cysts forming in the kidneys.

However, treatment is available to help manage the various problems the condition can cause, such as high blood pressure (hypertension), pain and kidney stones.

If you are diagnosed with ADPKD, you will usually see a kidney specialist, who can help draw up a suitable treatment plan.

This plan will also include what you would want to do if your kidneys stopped working sufficiently (known as kidney failure).

Some of the main treatments are described below.

High blood pressure

High blood pressure in people with ADPKD is usually treated with medication. The two medications most widely used are angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin-2 receptor blockers (ARBs).

There are also some lifestyle changes you can make to help reduce your blood pressure, such as cutting your salt intake to less than 6g (0.2oz) a day. 6g of salt is about one teaspoonful.

Read more about treating high blood pressure.

Pain

In many cases of ADPKD, any pain you experience can be relieved by treating the underlying cause, such as kidney stones or a urinary tract infection (UTI).

If you need to take a painkiller, paracetamol is the best medication to try first. If your pain is particularly severe, you may be prescribed a stronger painkiller, such as codeine or tramadol.

Your doctor will usually recommend avoiding a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), such as ibuprofen, because they could disrupt kidney function and interfere with medications prescribed to control your blood pressure. However, a short course of NSAIDs may sometimes be safe for people with well controlled blood pressure and relatively normal kidney function.

If you have long-term (chronic) pain, you may be prescribed antidepressants or anticonvulsant medications (which are normally used to treat epilepsy), as these can also relieve some types of pain.

Occasionally, draining large cysts can be performed to relieve the pain caused by the increased pressure.

Kidney stones

Small kidney stones pass out of your body when you urinate. If needed, you may be given a strong painkiller and medication to stop you feeling sick or vomiting. Making sure you drink plenty of water, which will increase the flow of urine, can also help by flushing the stone into the bladder.

If a kidney stone is too big to be passed naturally, you may need to have treatment to remove it. Possible treatment options include:

  • using energy waves to break the stone into smaller pieces – this is known as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) 
  • passing a thin telescopic instrument called a ureteroscope up your urethra (the tube that carries urine out of body) to remove or break up the stone

Read more about treating kidney stones.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs)

UTIs can often be treated with a course of antibiotic tablets lasting 7-14 days.

Drink plenty of fluids while you are waiting for the antibiotics to take effect, as this will help relieve symptoms of a high temperature. Paracetamol can be used to relieve pain.

It’s important to see your doctor as soon as possible if you develop symptoms of a UTI, as it could spread to the cysts in your kidneys if left untreated.

Infection in the cysts is harder to cure, because it can be difficult for the antibiotics to penetrate them. If the infection persists despite antibiotic treatment, the infected cysts may need to be drained during surgery or with a needle inserted through your skin.

In severe, persistent or frequently recurring cases, having surgery to remove one or both of your kidneys – followed by dialysis or a kidney transplant (see below) – may be recommended.

Kidney failure

You will have blood tests at varying intervals to check your kidney function. You should discuss with your doctors how you would like to be treated if your condition reaches a stage where your kidneys stop working altogether (kidney failure).

The two main treatment options for kidney failure are:

  • dialysis – where a machine replicates some of your kidneys’ functions
  • kidney transplant – where a kidney is removed from a donor and implanted into a patient

A kidney donor can be somebody who is recently deceased or, as is increasingly common, someone who is still alive and wants to donate one of their healthy kidneys.

A person only needs one kidney to survive. Therefore, unlike other types of organ donation, a living person can donate a kidney. Close relatives usually make the best match, so you may want to ask your relatives if they would consider having themselves tested to see if they are a suitable donor.

A few people with kidney failure decide against having either dialysis or kidney transplants, preferring simple treatment of their symptoms. They may, for example, choose this option if it is unlikely that dialysis will significantly prolong their life or improve its quality. If this choice is made, supportive treatment to help control symptoms is provided to make the end of life as comfortable as possible.

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Published Date
2014-08-11 09:50:43Z
Last Review Date
2014-06-08 00:00:00Z
Next Review Date
2016-06-08 00:00:00Z
Classification
Aches, pains and soreness,Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease,Bladder infections,Hypertension,Kidney,Kidney disease,Kidney stones,Paracetamol,Urinary tract infections


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